lift-off hinge

The theory of labor value in the classical political economy of england refers to the law which decides the exchange rate of ancient trade pby barter.

英国古典政治经济学的劳动价值论是指原始实物交换条件下的交换比例的决定法则，它必然同资本主义自由竞争条件下的商品价格决定和变动规律相抵触。

let us start with a barter economy.

让我们先以易货贸易为例。

in a barter economy, real goods such as automobiles, shoes, and pizzas are traded against each other.

在易货贸易中，诸如汽车、鞋子和馅饼这样的有形货物可以互相交换。

They even say that we might be happier in a barter economy.

他们甚至说道：人类在以物易物的经济时代可能会更开心。

But nobody a choice-unless you happen to have an odd yearning to live a barter economy.

但没人有得选 ─ ─除非你刚好向往生活在物物交换的原始经济中.

she has never seen a doctor and, like many residents of this area, lives in a meager barter economy, seldom coming into contact with cash.

她从未看过医生，而且就像这个贫瘠地区的许多居民一样，他们物物交换，很少接触现金。

it is so remote that the people still live on a barter economy.

这个边远地区造就了人们仍停留在物物交换在经济形式里。

After basic exchange came into existence, more complex forms developed beyond a basic barter economy, and new forms of risk manifested.

在最基本的交易出现之后，更为复杂的交易形式在物物交换经济的基础上产生，新的风险形式也应运而生。